INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC INSTABILITY ON TEACHER’S PERFORMANCE IN SOME SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ILORIN METROPOLIS OF KWARA STATE

BY 

ZAKARIYAH SULIYAT AKEYEDE
MATRIC NO: KWCOED/IL/21/1235

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, KWARA STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ILORIN
 IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF NIGERIAN CERTIFICATE IN EDUCATION (N.C.E)
				JULY, 2024

CERTIFICATION
	This is to certify that the research project was carried out by Zakariyah Suliyat Akeyede with Matriculation number KWCOED/IL/21/1235 of the Chemistry/Integrated Science, School of Science, Kwara State College of Education, Ilorin for the award of certificate in Education (NCE).

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Project Supervisor 	     		Signature				Date

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Head of Department         	 Signature			 	Date 

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Project Coordinator		    Signature			Date

DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to my caring and loving parents (MR& MRS ZAKARIYAH AKEYEDE) who has supported me from the inception to the end of this academic program and may god be with you till the end of your life

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	All thanks and adoration belong to Almighty Allah, the uncreated creature, the owner of my soul, the source of my strength, the most knowledgeable, the most compassionate and the most Merciful, may the peace and blessing of Allah be upon the best man Prophet Muhammed (S.A.W), his companions and his entire household.
	Special gratitude to a fantastic, distinguish supervisor, ever diligent in carrying out test, competent, source of knowledge, Mr Muhammad .O. Mustapha for his contribution to the cusses of this research work. I express my candid appreciation for his pace setting, guidance and scrutiny in this research work, may Almighty Allah shower his superfluous blessing on him and his entire household (Amen).
My special and sincere gratitude goes to my parent, Alhaji Zakariyah Akeyede and my late mother, Hajia Fatimah Segilola for their support through out my N.C.E program.
My appreciation also goes to my beloved brothers and sister Ustaz Muhydeen Akeyede, Jelilat Akeyede, Ibrahim Akeyede, AbdulGafar Akeyede and Barakat Akeyede may Allah bless you all with everlasting Happiness.

ABSTRACT
This project work investigated the economic instability as a determinant of senior of secondary school teachers’ productivity in Ilorin, Kwara State. The total of fifty (50) respondents were randomly selected. A structure questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. The frequency and percentage was used to analyse the socio-demographic data of the teachers was used to test the hypotheses. The findings of the study revealed that economic instability has led to fluctuation in the macro economic variables whereby the majority of senior secondary school teachers had negative impact on their productivity. It also revealed that there is significant difference in influence of economic instability on male and female teachers’ productivity because male teachers felt the impact on their productivity than their female counterparts in terms of provision of all the essential needs for the family. All these and many more deprived most teachers of having enough time to prepare for class teaching.   

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE									
CERTIFICATION								
DEDICATION									
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT							
ABSTRACT 									
TABLE OF CONTENTS							
CHAPTER ONE: - INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study 								1
Statement of the Problem 							7
Purpose of the Study 								8
Research Questions	 						          10
Research Hypothesis								10
Signification of the Study						           11
Scope of the Study								           11
Definition of Term								           12 
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Concept of Teacher								14
Role of Teacher in Education							16
Teaching and Importance of Teacher                                      		18
Concept of Economic Instability                                    			18
Causes of Economic Instability                                                		21
Effects of Economic Instability on Senior Secondary 
Schools Teachers Productivity                                                          	 23
Evaluation of Teachers’ productivity in recent time        			24
Appraisal of Literature Reviewed                                    			25
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design 									27
Population 									          27
Sample and Sampling Techniques					          28
Research Instrument 								28
Validity of the Instrument 							28
Administration of Data Collection 					          29
Procedure for Data Collection						          29
Data Analysis Techniques  						          29
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
Results 									         30
Discussion 									         36
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 
Summary 									         40
Conclusion 									         42
Recommendations 								          44
References										45

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
 Background to the Study
            Economic instability is a situation in which a community or nation is experiencing financial struggles due to inflation, consumer confidence issues, unemployment rates and rising prices of goods and services.
            Economic instability is one of the factors that is hindering most developing countries of the world from achieving full development and maturity in their economy. Developing nations such as: Nigeria, Ghana, Gambia and a host of others just to mention but a few are currently in this situation (Ghaus-Pasha, 2017).
            A developing country or nation like Nigeria is severely affected with the task or in her struggle to attain advancement (Tierney, 2010). According to (Ijaya, 2015) referred to developing countries as the countries that have slow and gradual process of growth and development. Ijaya further emphasized that the countries have the potentials of development but due to the absence of absorbent capacity needed, they are unable to attain the advance level of development.
            The characteristics of the developing nations can be traced as the root cause of these predicaments of which include general poverty, high rate of unemployment, rising population, high rate of illiteracy as well as many more of these. All these features above have been causing some distortions and set back in their country’s economic development (Ijaya, 2017).
            Also, among these difficulties are incessant changes in monetary and fiscal policies, high rate of inflation, low level of national income that leads to low savings and investment, corruption, embezzlement, political instability, mismanagement of fund as well as mineral resources mismanagement. It is these continuous and erratic problems that have led to instability in the country’s economic situation. The rate of instability has influenced the entire Nigeria economic sectors in so many ways, due to policy implementation in the country, in this case, most of the sectors of the economy will be affected either positively or negatively. So, government needs to give adequate and serious attention to these various occupations.
            Taking a look at the above points in relation to the role of teachers which are of immense value to the people. Therefore, any inconsistency or volatile changes in the country’s economic policy as well as other macro economic variables always have a negative impact on the life of teachers.
            As a consequence of poor working condition in line with non conformation in the payment of teachers’ salary and allowance, the teachers’ purchasing power has greatly reduced which has affected their efficient and effective production in teaching and learning process. Hence, teachers’ productivity will decline when there is a fall in their standard of living as the generality of people will begin to look down on them because their expectations are not met.
            According to Mursel (2019) the high rate of inflation and increase in the taxes which also not have a corresponding increase in the teachers’ salary have reduced their real income and their purchasing power drastically. Hence, fall in their standard of living and finally, fall in their performance.
            The inadequate of incentives, motivation and reinforcement have affected teachers’ effectiveness and productivity, meanwhile education system depends heavily on the quality and productivity of its teachers for improving and maintaining standards and quality. Adegun, (2018), Anderson and Dyke, (2012) asserted that, “the corner stone of good education in any school is its faculty (teachers); fine buildings and equipment, special services and all other factors which help to provide favourable environment for leaning mean little if the learning experiences are directed by incompetent teachers”.
            Secondary education is the second stage of formal education for children after primary education. At this level they are to be prepared for the third stage which include all kinds of post secondary education that all children receive at the higher institutions. This can be private or government established schools in Nigeria. 
            All over the world, both in the developing and the developed countries, the secondary school exists to cater for children, of approximately the same age group and exposed to approximately the same curricular of reading, writing and arithmetic. The duration of secondary education varies from country to country. In Nigeria, the normal duration is six years according to the 6-3-3-4 education system. (Adegun, 2019).
The role of teacher in implementation of national educational objectives cannot be over emphasized. Indeed, reformers of education may establish new school, effect changes on the structure and curriculum, recommend and prescribed teaching method and aids but in the end the teacher will be responsible for applying them. The teacher is the one that would translate educational objectives into knowledge and skill as well as transfer them to student in the classroom. (Adegun,2016). 
Also, the teacher represents the image that improves the physical condition of the classroom through orderliness, discipline and control. The teacher also diagnoses the students’ feelings and attitudes from their previous experiences in the classroom environment. Hence, in the absence of school programmes the major responsibility of working with children in the school rests with the teacher (Lash and Kirkpatrick, 2012). Ndagi, (2015) categorized the main objectives of secondary education into six strands as follows:
(a)              Development of permanent literacy and numeracy in children.
(b)              Development of the ability to communicate effectively.
(c)              Training for further education and preparation for trades and crafts of the locality.
(d)              Development of good morals.
(e)              Development of the basis for good physical health education.
(f)               Development of basis for scientific and reflective thanks.
Nakpodia (2016) observed that in any educational arrangement, the success lies in the commitment of the teachers. But in Nigeria according to him, teachers who are the shapers of civilization are affected by low self esteem and poverty. Therefore, objectives of secondary education raised by Ndagi , (2015) may be unrealistic. 
In recent times, it is a note that many secondary school levers can neither read nor write accurately. Judging from the products of the Nigerian secondary schools, there is a big question mark on the level of performance and the productivity of their teachers. Secondary school teachers complain bitterly about the irregularities in the payments of their salaries and allowance. Adegun, (2019). Also, they are dissatisfied with the infrastructural facilities in school, equipment and general environment. Their offices are ill-equipped. Most of the times the commonest teaching aids such as the chalk, chalkboard are inadequate. Thus lead to low level of motivation. A typical secondary school teacher complains all the time about lack of job satisfaction and loss of interest on their part. They agree that they have not put in their best and that the educational standards are falling. Adegun, (2015).
Teachers’ frequent industrial actions testify to lack of government concern over their welfare. Teachers’ strike activities reduce their commitment to work and expose students’ to less educational attainment. (Adegun, 2013). 
The fall in the senior secondary school teachers’ productivity has resulted into fall in the educational standard of the country and this is the concern of every educational researcher. Therefore, there is need to examine the influence of economic instability on academic performance of senior secondary school teachers.
The economic instability has negative impact on the life of teachers in terms of psychological, emotional and social status. Salaries and allowances of secondary school teachers are importance as good job environment and job satisfaction with regards to job performance. Job satisfaction is a function of the general aura of the work environment. According to (Adegun, 2014), it appears a number of factors hamper the teachers’ job performance or productivity in spite of society’s high expectations and output of the school systems.
The quality of teachers as well as other supporting staff, their level of motivation and organizational climate can significantly influence the tone of the school and the performance of the students. According to Whawo, (2015), the reason why the activities of educational administration also centered around staff issues include improved conditions of service, provision of professional development through in-service programmes, seminars and workshops. 
The secondary school teachers in particular should feel at home and be very happy with their jobs in other to bring up the children in the proper way that will make them become useful and productive citizens. Amber and Andy Ankowski, 2013-2017. Secondary school teachers’ promotions, discipline, then transfers and periodic evaluation should be done with the aim of improving their performance and productivity. Gottfredson, Daniel Duke, Molee, (2019). The school managers to adopt the Behavioural Approach proposed by B. F. Skinner otherwise known as behavioural modification, on secondary school teachers to advantage. To change the attitude and low productivity of secondary school teachers, the first step is to identify the behaviour to be changed, the current factors that support the undesired behaviour to be changed, the current environment or other factors that are needed to effect positive change in behaviour. Thus by carefully identifying the behaviour and grievances of the teachers to identify those actions that should be sustained by reinforcement and motivation, their job can be influence Huitt, (2016).
Hertzberg (2010) as cited by Odor (2015) differentiated between factors that bring about job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction which include achievement, recognition, work facilities, responsibility and advancement. It is vital for educational administrators to recognize the factors which contribute to job satisfaction such as good infrastructural facilities, good and well furnished offices for teachers, teaching materials, and provision of continuous professional development. This will ensure adequate motivation of teachers to greater productivity.
Statement of the Problem
            The constant drop in the standard of educational system in Nigeria is a big concern to both parents and educational researchers. The source of this fall in the standard of education in Nigeria can be traced to a decrease in the productive capacity of senior secondary school teachers. Nakpodia (2016) suggested that job security of workers in terms of income and employment will enhance stability of personnel and a long term commitment. When teacher’s salaries are not paid as at when due the level of commitment is reduced.
Incessant industrial actions due to non-payment of teachers’ salaries, leave and other allowances are common occurrence among the secondary school teachers. Many teachers now resort engaging in other business which take so much of their time and interest that teaching becomes a secondary assignment. This they do because they are never sure when the next salary would be paid Labaran Saleh (2013).
Nakpodia (2016) also observed that in any educational arrangement, the success lies in the commitment of the teachers who are the shapers of civilization are affected by low self esteem and poverty. So, any inconsistency or volatile changes in the country’s economic policy as well as other macro economic variables always have a negative effect on the life of teachers. Hence, a number of factors determine the teachers’ productivity in the school. It has also been observed that teachers’ productivity are poor, the expected outcome of teachers’ performance which is better students’ achievement is not easily achieved in the school system. People are complaining about the poor productivity of teachers which in turn leads to poor students’ achievement.
Inconsistency or volatile changes in Nigeria’s economic policy refers to government behaviour toward frequent changes in economic policy formulation and implementation. There is growing evidence that one of the major constraints to economic growth and social welfare improvement is inconsistency in government policies and gaps in their implementation.  (Ezekwesili ,2016) and (Ngozi Okongu-Iweala, 2017).
Anthony Arabone, (2016) said that policy inconsistency over the years in Nigeria is a major factor that has led to the stunted economic being experienced in the country. Esekwesili, (2016) said that the inconsistent economic policies of federal government is responsible for the collapse of public education in the past, present and future prospects of the Nigerian state. She went on to state that where there is a poor economic growth and inconsistent infrastructure to boost the educational structure, a collapse in the education system is inevitable in any part of the world. 
Esekwesili, (2016) also opined that education was essential for character building and it is the responsibility of the government to ensure that its citizenry are given adequate as well as quality education across board. According to her, teaching is a noble profession and there is need for well trained teachers with sufficient provision in public schools. “No matter the structure and technology available in a school environment, if there are no quality teachers nothing much can be achieved”. She noted that between 2006 and 2007, there was an inadequate inspection of schools throughout the federation, then about 60% of Nigerian are within the poverty bracket. This poverty level also persists up till now in the country especially in Kwara State in which it can only be broken by education.
According to Ukeje (2020), organizational climate is related to job satisfaction in terms of interpersonal relationship, group cohesiveness and task involvement. Worker’s general perception of work environment has a great influence on the level of satisfaction and productivity. As a result of this, there is a need to examine the impact of economic instability as a determinant of senior secondary school teachers’ productivity in Ilorin, Kwara State.  
Research Questions
1.                  What is the impact of economic instability on secondary school teachers productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin metropolis?
2.                  What is the influence of economic instability on male and female teachers’ productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin metropolis?
3.                  What is the influence of economic instability on teachers productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin based on years of experience? 
4.                  What is the influence of economic instability on secondary school teachers’ productivity in Ilorin based on level of qualification?
Research Hypotheses
 The research hypotheses were answered in this study as follows:
H01: There is no significant difference in influence of economic instability on male and female teachers’ productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin.
H02: There is no significant difference in influence of economic instability on teachers’ productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin based on years of experience. 
H03: There is no significant difference in influence of economic instability on teachers’ productivity in senior secondary school in Ilorin based on level of qualifications.
Purpose of the Study
            The general purpose of this research work is to examine the Influence of economic instability on teacher’s performance in some secondary schools in Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State. Specifically, the study intends to:
(a)           Determine the extent of economic instability factors on teachers’ productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin based on gender.
(b)            Determine the extent of economic instability influence on teachers’ productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin based on teachers’ years of experience.
(c)           Determine the extent of economic instability influence on teachers’ productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin based on teachers’ qualification level.
     1.7       Scope and Limitations of the Study
This research work intends to determine Influence of economic instability on teacher’s performance in some secondary schools in Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State.   Questionnaires would be used as the instrument for data collection, while frequency counts, percentages, indices and the t-test shall be used to analyze a data collected. The study samples shall be drawn from the teachers of chosen schools based on gender, years of experience, level of qualification. The researcher appreciates the fact that the findings might be further from the truth.
1.8       Operational Definition of Terms
Economic instability: This is a situation that arises due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the micro economic variables (GDP) as a result of frequent changes in both monetary and fiscal policies, high rate of inflation, low level of national income, political instability, corruption and mismanagement of fund.
Students: These are the learners in the secondary schools.
Secondary School: These are the senior secondary schools in Ilorin metropolis.

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
This chapter reviews the related literature on the influence of Economic instability on teacher’s performance in some secondary schools in Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State area of Kwara State. The review of literature looks into contributions of the following variables and organized under the following sub – headings:
•	Scope and Nature of Economic Education                    
•	Teaching and Importance of Teacher                                        
•	Concept of Economic Instability                                     
•	Causes of Economic Instability                                      
•	Effects of Economic Instability on Senior Secondary Schools Teachers Productivity                                                            
•	Appraisal of Literature Reviewed   
Concept of Teacher
 A teacher is a person who helps others to acquire knowledge, competences or values. Teacher is a designation for the office, position, and profession for someone who devotes himself in the field of education through patterned educational interaction, formal and systematic. UU No. 16 Year 2005 on Teachers and Lecturers (Article 1) states that: "The teacher is a professional education with the primary task of educating, teaching, guiding, directing, train, assess and evaluate learners in formal education, in primary education and secondary education". The teacher is a figure of the greatest role in determining the quality of learning in an educational institution called school. Teachers are the most important component in the event education of students. As good as any educational program contained in the curriculum without the role of teachers who cultivate into material that can be understood, it will not mean anything for learners. According to Ngalim (2013) Teachers who can understand the difficulties of the students in terms of learning and other difficulties beyond learning problems, especially those that can inhibit learning activities of students. He said a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs in a result of training or experience. 
In simple terms, the teacher is the one who gives knowledge to the students. Teachers in public view is a person who performs a specific education in places, not necessarily in a formal educational institutions, but also in mosques, surau, at home, and so on (Djamarah, 2017). In the constitution of education and culture are explained, the government shall establish and conduct a national education system, which enhances faith and piety and good values in the life of the nation, which is governed by law. In order to instill faith and devotion and good values in students, the teachers’ roles as the driving motivator students are very influential. Need a great personality, both in terms of psychological or physical. 
Each teacher’s has a personality each corresponding personal traits they possess. A characteristic feature which is distinguishes a teacher with other teachers. Personality is actually an abstract problem can only be viewed by appearance, behavior, speech, dress, and in the face of every problem. The real personality is abstract, hardly seen or known real, so that can be known is the appearance or the container in all facets and aspects of life. 
For example in action: speech, how to get along, dresses, and in the face of any issues or problems, whether mild or severe. In short, teachers should be used as a noble figure in leading private student participants, because of the teacher is to create a good students’ which is to create good human beings in accordance with Pancasila. 
Therefore, teachers must have a code of conduct that must be adhered to in creating a good learner. Teachers as professionals need to have a code of ethics for teachers and making the guidelines governing the employment of teachers during the dedication. 
According to Atmaka (2014) is an adult educator who is responsible to provide help to the students in the development of both physical and spiritual. In order to achieve the level of maturity capable of standing alone fulfill his duties as a creature of God, being social and being an independent individual. Mulyasa (2013) added that educators must have academic qualifications and competence as agents of learning, physical and spiritual health, as well as having the ability to realize the goals of the National Education. 
In addition, teachers are a good human that makes others human good too. It means, to become a teachers should have a competence, a moral, and accordance with Pancasila. To carry out their duties the principles regarding the desired behavior and expected from all of educational situation is the spirit of Pancasila. Knowledge and skills in communicating and can be accounted for methodical. As a profession, teachers have the characteristics inherent to the teacher, namely: 
1. Have the function and social significance for the community, benefited by public. 
2. Based on the specific skills acquired through education accountable. 
3. Have competence supported by a particular discipline 
4. Have a code of ethics that serve as a code of conduct of their members and witnesses clearly and firmly against the etic code violations. 
5. As a consequence of service and achievement was given to the community, the members of the profession by individuals or groups the right to obtain financial or material rewards. 
The teacher is a figure very important to establish this nation as to which the experts pointed out that the task of teachers is divided into three, namely as a professional task of teachers as a profession covering educate, teach, and train. Educating means to continue and develop the values of life. Teaching means to continue and develop science and technology. Teachers must become second parents for students and civic duties which teachers should be able to mingle with the community to cooperate in any field, especially in the field of education and public affairs. While the function of the teachers’ as a proofreader, information motivator, demonstrate, innovators, facilitators, counselors and classroom manager. 

Role of Teachers in Education
•	Sharing Knowledge
First things first, the primary duty of a teacher is to impart knowledge, and that comes from teaching. Teaching usually entails following a specific curriculum and ensuring that the students understand what is being taught.
It is from this role that all other roles of a teacher originates from, because if a teacher fails in carrying out his/her basic responsibility to impart knowledge, then it might be difficult to have any other form of influence on the child.
•	Role Modeling
Although teachers do not see themselves as role models, the truth is they actually are. The amount of time students spend with teachers each day or week makes it possible for them to have a certain level of influence on the students. It is now down to the teacher to make this influence positive or negative.
Being a teacher goes beyond just teaching according to the curriculum, it is about grooming in the child. Teachers don’t only impart knowledge, but they also help with character building as well.
•	An External Parent
The role of a teacher transcends following a specific lesson plan and work schedule. Because both students and teachers spend as much time together, the teacher inadvertently becomes an external parent. Teachers can be a mentor to help set the child on the right path. In this role, the teacher can encourage the student to be the best they can be, and also be a source of inspiration and advice to the students.
Why Are Teachers Important?
Teachers are important because they change lives, inspire dreams, and push the limits of human potential. A teacher’s job is to nurture, teach, and raise children to become useful to society. 
Teachers’ role in the classroom, society, and the world at large has taken a different turn from what it was back in the day. Over time, teachers were given a specific curriculum to follow and instructions on how to teach the curriculum. 
Today, the teachers’ role has gone beyond teaching. Their role now involves counselling students, mentoring students, and teaching them how to use and apply knowledge in their lives. Teachers are now looking for ways to impact students on a different level and even inspire them to be more and do more. 
Do you want to advance or start a career in teaching? If yes, check out some of the online teacher training courses below.
Concept of Economic Instability
As expected, the definitions of economic stability differ between perspectives.
Some take an approach that maintains that all economies are stable except for extreme conditions of volatility (Hausmann, 2016). They tend to consider relatively wide fluctuations in the economy as part of its ‘natural’ stability.
The Department of Finance Canada does not define economic stability but instead focuses on economic growth. They consider it “An increase in the production of goods and services over a given period.
Nominal growth is the increase including changes in prices while real growth is the increase excluding changes in prices. Statisticians and economists have developed a concept called constant dollars so that they can exclude price changes from measures of growth. Constant dollar gross domestic product (Real GDP) is a measure of growth using the prices of a base year. Changes in constant dollar GDP only capture changes in actual or real production”.
Thus, the Ministry of Finance infers that economic stability is a consistent real gross domestic product. Sundrum considers that economic stability is linked to the basic structure of the economy (2020). Countries that are concentrated in agricultural based economies, for example, are inherently low growth (and low stability) economies, whereas those, which are service oriented, will show high growth (and stability).
Economic instability is the absence of excessive fluctuations in the macro economy. An economy with fairly constant output growth and low and stable inflation would be considered economically stable. An economy with frequent large recessions, a pronounced business cycle, very high or variable inflation, or frequent financial crises would be considered economically unstable.
Economic instability is the condition in which a country is able to function smoothly and grow at a steady pace inspite of the influence of various outside distruptions and problems happening all around it. It has the ability to take challenges and absorb risk but still invest in infrastructure, maintain its place in global markets and achieve a good living standard for its citizens.
It is an essential factor that affects citizens’ lives. It is an indicator of a healthy economy, free from disruptions. Economic fluctuations can be financial, political, social, legal, or technological. Thus, a country should prepare to minimize its vulnerability to economic troubles.
Haberler argues that economic growth or stability can be measured by the increase of aggregate GNP, GNP per capita or by the average increase in output per worker. In the short run, there is little difference between aggregate GNP and per capita GNP. Both reflect short-run changes in unemployment. He uses the GNP data to predict the current stage of the business cycle, arguing, “The business cycle can tell us if we are in a recession or boom period and thus looking at this can notify us of our condition. During an upswing, GNP is higher, production is high, unemployment is low…(However) inflation can be an outside factor in the business cycle and slow it down” (2013). In other words, economic variation is considered part of the business cycle, and instability is considered to be extreme fluctuations or variations in that cycle. Mankiw examines economic stability solely through a macroeconomic perspective. He is simple and to the point when he defines economic stability as the smooth growth of real GDP (Mankiw, 2018).
However, this growth can be measured in many forms. Many believe that a true measurement of economic growth and stability should rely on real GDP (Mankiw, 2016; Department of Finance; Haberler, 2013). Hausmann (2016) and Sundrum (2019) go a step further and add other indicators to the mix but only at the macroeconomic level. As a result, many economists tend to characterize an economically stable region as one, which has consistent real GDP growth, low unemployment and high personal income levels.
Economic stability is the condition in which a country is able to function smoothly and grow at a steady pace inspite of the influence of various outside distruptions and problems happening all around it. It has the ability to take challenges and absorb risk but still invest in infrastructure, maintain its place in global markets and achieve a good living standard for its citizens.
Indicators of Economics Instability
As economic growth and stability are closely related, a growing economy should be first stable first and then progressing second. Thus, the prime indicators of macro economic stability are similar to that of economic growth, and they are:

1.	GDP – The Gross Domestic Product is a crucial macroeconomic indicator. It depicts the level of national income of a country. Higher income reflects high economic growth.
2.	Consumer Prices – These act as an indicator for shortages or surpluses of resources that influence consumers’ and institutions’ responses to the changing markets. Everyone is better off when consumer prices are stable leading to economic stability and growth. 
3.	Employment Rate – The rate of employment or unemployment shows the degree of economic activity. It accounts for the number of people sitting idle without contributing to the economy.
4.	Rate Of Inflation – The inflation rate is perhaps a more reliable indicator of stability in an economy. Mild inflation is necessary for an economy, but a high inflation rate can put the economy at risk. In addition, high inflation hinders or stops investments from other countries as money and assets lose value.
5.	Interest Rates – Low-interest rates on borrowing will propel consumer spending and encourage money supply, which maintains stability in the economy.
6.	Level Of Debt – The national debt shows the health of an economy. Debt is necessary as it ensures government spending. However, too much debt can threaten the economy and disrupt economic stability.
Impact of Economic Instability on Senior Secondary Schools Teachers Productivity                                                            
The benefits of a stable economy can speak for its importance of promoting economic stability:

1.	More employment opportunities – Everyone’s participation is essential for a steady economy to work efficiently. It increases the demand for labor and, thus, increases employment. 
2.	Increased public expenditure – Economic stability contributes to monetary gains, which allows the government to spend more on its citizens. It provides free education, health care, sanitation, and other public services.
3.	Improved living standards – Jobs for everyone and easy access to public goods offer a better life for the citizens. They benefit personally and socially. It also helps bring people out of poverty by giving them a fair and equal chance.
4.	Attracts FDI – A stable economy benefits everyone. Therefore, foreign investors and businesses wish to invest their funds in such an economy.
5.	Income inequality – The income inequality often goes unnoticed in a country. But a stable economy also focuses on equal distribution of income and wealth. It is essential because every citizen is a part of an economy, and collective, inclusive growth is an economy’s growth.
Factors Determining Economic Instability: Here are some of the determinant factors of economic instability:
i.         Inconsistency in economic policy: This refers to frequent changes in government economic policy.
ii.        Inflation: It is a situation where there is a continuous and persistent rise in the general price level of goods and services.
iii.       Political Instability: This is a situation whereby a country is currently going through political turmoil.
iv.       Corruption: This is a form of dishonest or unethical conduct by a person entrusted with a position of authority.
v.        Mismanagement of fund: This refers to financial mismanagement and misappropriation of public funds e.t.c.
Review of Related Literature
This research work hopes to provide a base for the upliftment of educational standard as well as better conditions of service for secondary school teachers in general. It is also hoped that the civil servants particularly teachers in Ilorin metropolis and in Nigeria at large will benefit from this study in finding solutions to the problems of economic instability as a determinant of senior secondary school teachers’ productivity. It is further believed that the work will invite criticisms from educators and others which will in turn stimulate further research into the improvement in teachers’ productivity in education sector.
            In view of the fact that education helps child contributes positively towards economic and social growth as well as growth in other areas of national development. It will also help the child in his or her life style. More so, as a nation, Nigeria will still develop more.
       This study is significant because much needs to be done in the area of teachers’ education to determine the level of job satisfaction of secondary school teachers in Ilorin metropolis. Therefore, if the government’s emphasis on teachers’ education is to yield good return on investment, then the level of good service conditions of teachers in these schools should be determined from time to time such effort could be helpful to educational administrators in their plan to motivate the teachers so as to enhance the quality of their output.

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study is undertaken to examine the influence of economic instability on teacher’s performance in some Secondary Schools in Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State, the presentation is itemized under these sub-heading:
•	Research Design
•	Population
•	Sample and Sampling 
•	Techniques 
•	Research Instrument 
•	Validation of the Instrument 
•	Procedure for Data collection 
•	Procedure for Data Analysis.
Research Design 
	A descriptive research type was adopted for this work because the researcher described exactly the influence of economic instability on teacher’s performance in some Secondary Schools in Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State. Descriptive research according to Gay (2016) is the collection in order to test hypothesis (if any) or answer research questions concerning the current status of the subject of the study.
	Akande (2019), says that descriptive research involves the collection of data for the purpose of describing the exciting condition.

Population of the Study 
According to Caben (2014), population is the total collection of all elements or number about which the researcher used to draw conclusions.
	The population for the study comprises of ten secondary schools in Ilorin metropolis, Kwara State, five teachers were randomly selected from each schools.
Sample and Sampling Techniques 
	The sample for this study comprises the influence of economic instability on teacher’s performance in some Secondary Schools in Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State, while the researchers used simple Random sampling techniques to carryout the information. Because all the representative sample have the same probability of being selected. 
Research Instrument 
The instrument consist of items designed to obtain information on the research topic. This consist of section A and B;  section A consist of personal data of respondent and section B consist of question on research topic.
Validity of the Research Instrument 
	The validity of an instrument relates to the degree or the extent to which the instrument measures accurately what it is designed to measure, for this study the research instrument is the influence of economic instability on teacher’s performance in some Secondary Schools in Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State.
Method of Data Analysis
The analysis of the data was carried out based on the information provided in the questionnaire. The research questions raised in the research study were tested by using frequency counts and simple percentage.

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Introduction
This chapter is concerned with the data presentation analysis and interpretation using the method already described earlier in Chapter three. The chapter also discusses the major finding on the influence of economic instability on teacher’s performance in some Secondary Schools in Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State. Every data presented, analysed and interpreted are based on the outcome of the respondents using questionnaire.
Presentation of Data
Presentation of data was on the report of the research findings based on the data collected from teachers and students.
The first set of data (Section A) was presented in tables of frequencies and percentages on Bio-data of the respondents. The second set of (Section B) which is the research questions were presented in likert scale of measurement which consist of frequencies and Measuring rate with relevant items. 
Analysis of Data and Interpretation
Section A: Bio- Data of Respondents
Table 4.1: Distribution of Respondents Sex
Sex 	Frequency	Percentage (%)	
Male	12	24%	
Female	38	76%	
Total	50	100(%)	
Source: Field Survey, 2024
Table 4.1 above shows that 12(24%) of the respondent were males teachers while 38(76%) were female teachers from the various secondary schools that served in the study.
Table 4.2: Age Distribution of Teachers
Age	Frequency	Percentage (%)	
18-25	34	68	
26-50	16	32	
Total 	50	100%	
Source: Field Survey, 2024
Table 4.2 above shows that 34 respondent which represent 68% were age between 18-25 while 16 respondent which represent 32% were age between 26 -50.
Table 4.3: Academic Qualification of Teachers
Academic qualification	Frequency	Percentage (%)	
N.C.E	28	56	
B.Sc(Ed) / B.A(Ed)	18	36	
Masters	4	8	
Total	50	100%	
Source: Field Survey, 2024
Table 4.3 shows that 28 of the Respondents representing 56% have NCE, 18 of the Respondents which represents 36% have B.sc (Ed)/ B.A (Ed) and 4 of the respondents representing 8% have Masters Degree Qualification. This shows that the majority of the Respondents have N.C.E.
Table 4.4: Working Experience of Teachers.
Working Experience	Frequency	Percentage (%)	
1-5years	21	42	
6-10years	15	30	
11 years and above	14	28	
Total	50	100	
Source: Field Survey, 2024
Table 4.4 shows that 21 respondent which represent 42% have their working experience within 1-5 years, 15 respondents which represent 30% also have their working experience within 6-10 years while 14 respondents which represent 28% have 11 years and above as working experience.
Marital Status of Teachers
Marital Status	Frequency	Percentage (%)	
Single 	30	60	
Married	20	40	
Total	50	100	
Source: Field Survey, 2024
Table 4.5 reveals that 30 of the respondents which represent 60% are still single while 20 of the respondents which represent 40% are married.

Research Question one: What is the impact of economic instability on secondary school teachers productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin metropolis
Table 4.6:  
S/No	Statement		SA	A	D	SD	TOTAL 	
1.	Economic instability have impact possible to teachers productivity in senior secondary	30
60%	20
40%	-	-	50
100%	
2.	Economic instability affect the teachers productivity in some secondary school	35
70%	13
26%
	2
4%	-	50
100%	
3.	It make some teachers to come late to school due to low of cash 	10
20%	10
20%
	20
40%
	10
20%	50
100%	
Source: Field Survey, 2024
Table 4.6 above revealed the respondent responses on the impact of economic instability on secondary school teachers productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin metropolis. Some teachers agreed to the statement, while some disagreed respectively.
Research Questions 2: What is the influence of economic instability on male and female teachers’ productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin metropolis?

Table 4.7:
S/NO	Statement		SA	A	D	SD	TOTAL	
6.	Economics instability has influence on male and female teachers productivity in senior secondary school	25
50%
	16
32%	6
12%	3
6%	50
100%	
7.	Economic instability has influence on female teachers productivity in senior secondary school	10
20%	15
30%	20
40%
	5
10%
	50
100%	
8.	Economic instability has influence on male teachers productivity in senior secondary school	-	10
20%	25
50%
	15
30%	50
100%	
Source: Field Survey, 2024
The result on table 4.7 above revealed the respondent responses on the What is the influence of economic instability on male and female teachers’ productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin metropolis, some teacher agreed to the statement, while some disagreed with it. 
Research Questions 3: What is the influence of economic instability on teachers productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin based on years of experience? 

Table 4.8: 
S/No	Statement	SA	A	SD	D	TOTAL	
11.	Economic instability has influence on teachers productivity based on years of experience 	11
22%	-	31
62%	8
16%	50
100%	
12.	some teachers in secondary schools were involved in vending in order to supplement their low incomes	29
58%	18
36%	-	3
6%	50
100%	
13.	Low level of some teacher has affect them on economic instability in senior secondary schools	16
32%	15
30%	10
20%	9
18%
	50
100%	
Source: Field Survey, 2024
The result on table 4.8 above revealed the respondent responses on what is the influence of economic instability on teachers productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin based on years of experience. Some teacher agreed with the statement while some disagreed with it respectively.
Research Questions 4: What is the influence of economic instability on secondary school teachers’ productivity in Ilorin based on level of qualification 
Table 4.9: 
S/No	Statement	SA	A	D	SD	TOTAL 	
16.	Economics instability has influence on secondary teachers productivity in Ilorin based on level of qualification 	20
40%	15
30%	10
20%	5
10%	50
100%	
17.	The acquisition of concepts was also affected by poor teaching as some schools relied on too many unqualified teachers 	25	20	5	-	3.40	
18.	Teachers with low level of education don’t know how to handle economics instability in the country 	19	17	3	1	2.68	
Source: Field Survey, 2024
The result on table 4.9  above revealed the respondent responses What is the influence of economic instability on secondary school teachers’ productivity in Ilorin based on level of qualification. Some teachers agreed with statement while some disagreed with it respectively.
4.4 Discussion of Results
This section examines how teachers in secondary schools in Ilorin metropolis were affected by economic instability. This is based on the lived experiences and narratives of teachers, heads of schools, students and parents.  From 1990, the economy began to experience some economic problems that necessitated the introduction of Economic Structural Adjustment Programme as prescribed by IMF and World Bank (Ncube, 2012, Murisa, 2015). ESAP did not produce the desired results especially in the provision of social services like education and health. The economic situation of the country became worse towards the end of the millennium because of a combination of factors: droughts, the land reform program, the involvement of the Nigeria National Army in the civil war of the Democratic Republic of Nigeria, the unbudgeted gratuities for war veterans in 1997 and political conflicts (Murisa, 2010). Despite efforts by the government to solve the economic problems since 2000 the economy continued on a decline trajectory with the climax in 2008 when the country recorded the highest hyperinflation of up to 231 million percent. The problems were temporarily solved by the dollarization of the economy (Sikwila, 2013) when the government dumped the local currency and introduced multi-currency in the country. 
Teaching and learning are core activities of any secondary school. Students‟ success at school depends on their ability to do work assigned to them by their teachers. Teachers, referred to as institutional agents, play an important role of guiding students to understand how the school system works (Martina, 2006). Teachers‟ obligations are centred on attending lessons, assigning work and marking. This study has revealed that work of teachers was negatively affected by weak economic capital caused by economic instability as indicated by the experiences given below. 
Teacher absenteeism became common mainly due to cash shortages especially from 2016 onward. A student at an urban council secondary school (G) was worried: “Teachers were spending a lot of time queuing for cash in banks. This meant they missed some of their lessons so failed to cover all the work” (FGD 7/17). A student at a rural government secondary school (H) expressed the same sentiments: “Teachers were affected by cash shortage as they spent a lot of time queuing in banks to withdraw money. Sometimes they got nothing. A teacher did not teach between 4 to 6 days per month” (FGD 8/17). A teacher at a rural secondary school (D) acknowledged: “Due to shortage of cash, teachers spent a lot of time queuing for money. This meant we lost teaching and learning time. A teacher lost between five and six days trying to get cash” (Teacher interview 7/17). A head of an urban government secondary school (A) lamented: “I was always checking on teachers as they had developed a tendency to sneak out to try and get cash from banks” (Head interview 7/17). The presence of a teacher is important to facilitate teaching and learning which helps students to acquire cultural capital. This study has revealed that teachers were forced to be absent by cash shortage which meant that students were left alone with no one to guide them for many days a month. Teacher absenteeism negatively affected the acquisition of concepts by students. Teacher absenteeism disturbed continuity of teaching and learning which are crucial for developing confidence and self-image in individual students.

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
            This chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendations drawn based on the findings of this study.
Summary 
The summary of findings of this study as obtained from the outcomes of the research question, The majority of the secondary school teachers in Ilorin indicated that economic instability had negative impact on their productivity, there was a significant difference in influence of economic instability on male and female teachers’ productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin. Male teachers felt the impact of economic instability on their productivity than their female counterparts, there was no significant difference in the influence of economic instability on teachers’ productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin based on years of experience ,there was no significant difference in the influence of economic instability on teachers’ productivity in senior secondary schools in Ilorin based on levels of qualification
 Conclusion
It was concluded from this study that despite the fact that, Nigeria is a well blessed nation with abundant resources there are some form of hardship situation being experienced in her economy such as high cost of living people are undergoing particularly senior secondary school teachers in Ilorin who are stressing themselves largely to earn their living. Also, the relationship between economic instability and academic performance of majority of senior secondary school teachers based on the productivity is significantly different. That is, it has a negative or adverse impart on male teachers than their female counterparts as they are performing below the general expectation. This also influence their performance on adequate supervision of their students.
Therefore, in order to solve these problems of economic instability and improve academic performance of the teachers in Ilorin metropolis and Nigeria generally, it is the responsibility of both the government and educational management to find means of improving the living condition of senior secondary school teachers by stabilizing the economy so that the real and money worth in the economy will be adequately improved.
 Recommendations 
1.	Government should make efforts to provide ways for the training of senior secondary school teachers. It is recommended that, in-service training for teachers should be arranged on state and local basis to assist in improving the quality of teachers.
2.	Increment and regular payment of senior secondary school teachers’ salaries should be ensured so as to gear them up to improve their productivity.
3.	Motivation and reinforcement should be given as these would in turn boost their performance.
4.	Government should adopt a lasting and positive inflationary control measure that will not be too harsh for teachers’.
5.	Government should embark on staff auditing programmes, as this will also improve the productivity of teachers.
6.	The ministry of education at all tiers of government should make periodic supervision to the activities of the teachers and give room for the way forward.
7.	Government should ensure proper and effective implementation of price stability measure.
8.	An economic submit meeting should be held at a regular interval with duly representatives from all sectors of the economy to address the issue of economic instability.

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